Research Notes: Are Old Dogs Learning New Tricks?
Once-great titans of industry have been on a tear of late. Can it continue?
đ TLDR:
Amid a resurgence in value stocks, former blue chips have performed quite well â but there are concerns.
General Mills has driven growth â but are investors pricing in too much of the same going forward?
A revenue cliff for IBM provides an interesting test case for the market.
Is the ânewâ AT&T new enough?
There is a vein of investment advice that, roughly speaking, is âbuy established, well-known companies with strong dividends and defensive characteristics and hold them for a long time.â Often thereâs a suggestion that this is precisely what Warren Buffett does (it isnât). Other times the admonition from Peter Lynch to âbuy what you knowâ is added, and while quoted correctly, almost always misinterpreted
.During the 2010s, that advice was pretty close to disastrous. It steered investors away from growth stocks, which as we discussed last month crushed the returns of the overall equity market. Instead, it pushed them toward older, established, widely-held and supposedly âsafeâ issues that badly underperformed the market as a whole, not just their faster-growing counterparts.
General Electric is perhaps the poster child for that phenomenon. Returns including dividends for the entirety of the 2010s were negative 1.3%, against 415% for the NASDAQ 100. Kraft Heinz has been a massive disappointment since its blockbuster merger closed in 2015. Those are far from the only examples, however. Simply put, last decade new was better than established.
Proponents of buying established companies would argue (and at the time did argue) that the underperformance was driven by the zero interest rate environment. With the collapse of so many unprofitable growth stocks over the past 22 months, most no doubt believe theyâve been vindicated in blaming external factors.
Thereâs probably some truth to their argument. But itâs certainly not the whole story. Growth stocks did well for the entirety of the decade because so many were growing so quickly. Their established counterparts, meanwhile, were being threatened by precisely the drivers of that growth: rapid technological change, the fragmenting of consumer markets, and the ability for smaller rivals to, essentially, rent scale
.But here in 2022, as value investing has made a comeback, some of those dinosaurs are showing real signs of life. Thatâs been particularly true over the last few weeks. The question for these names is whether thereâs a legitimate change in the operating environment that suggests upside ahead â or if investors are making the same mistake all over again.
General Mills
General Mills seems like a business that could be headed for hard times. The companyâs strategy (such as spending over $9 billion acquiring Blue Buffalo Pet Foods and the pet snacks business of Tyson Foods) shows managementâs unease with growth prospects in legacy categories like yogurt and cereal.
Yet GIS stock has been a huge winner of late. Shares are up 29% so far this year, double the returns of rival Kellogg. More impressively, theyâve gained 160% from 2019 lows. And itâs not the pivot into pet supplies doing the heavy lifting. Fiscal 2022 operating profit in the Pet segment was $471 million, suggesting the company probably paid ~15x EBITDA across the two acquisitions. Thatâs a price that might suggest M&A added some value. But itâs a tiny fraction of the roughly $30 billion in market cap added from the 2019 bottom.
Itâs been the legacy business that has done the heavy lifting. Overall, General Mills has returned to growth. FY23 guidance suggests a 4-year compound annual growth rate for earnings per share above 6%. The pet business has played a role: segment operating profit should come close to doubling between FY19 and FY23. But roughly ~one-third
of the four-year EPS improvement is coming from organic and inorganic (the Tyson acquisition closed last summer) growth in the pet business.Whatâs really changed, however, is the multiple investors are assigning to General Mills earnings. At early 2019 lows, GIS was valued at barely 10x actual earnings for that fiscal year. At the moment, GIS trades at 21x FY23 consensus. The P/E multiple here has doubled.
Those lows admittedly were brief, but the broad point here still holds. What has driven GIS higher is not just growth in earnings, but a sharply increased confidence that they will continue to grow. General Mills, in other words, is being treated by the market as if it is the âoldâ General Mills, with dominant franchises, steady growth, and the ability to compound earnings over time.
Recent results suggest some reason for that interpretation. General Mills has increased profit margins in an inflationary environment, a trend that suggests its brands are as strong as ever.
That said, there seem to be real concerns here. Yogurt and cereal still drive over 20% of sales. Margins are improving amid inflation, yes. But it also comes amid a still-strong U.S. consumer (international sales were 23% of the FY22 total). The awaited shift to private label/lower-cost options in the grocery space hasnât really arrived yet, but may do so when consumer spending actually starts to moderate.
Wall Street shares those concerns. The average analyst target price for GIS suggests about 9% downside from current levels. That kind of price divergence is pretty rare among well-covered large-caps. Either the market is right in pricing in years of consistent growth â or investors are chasing any kind of perceived safety in a highly volatile market. Short interest totaling more than $1.3 billion (2.5% of the market cap) suggests some traders are betting on the latter explanation.
IBM

"What the heck?" is a fair question. So far in 2022, IBM has outperformed not only the market, but the same Big Tech names that ate its lunch for roughly a decade.
There are some reasons for optimism too. IBMâs 2019 acquisition of Red Hat appears to be working out reasonably well, as hybrid cloud revenues are growing at a rapid clip. The company that once dominated in hardware generated 59% of year-to-date segment-level profit from its software business. Overall, adjusted pre-tax profit has increased an impressive 38% year-to-date, with margins expanding 300 basis points.
History suggests some caution, however, and here too analysts agree. A decline in early trading Thursday pushed IBM back below the Street target price, but only by ~1%.
All that aside, there is a very interesting experiment about to take place with IBM. In early November of last year, the company spun off infrastructure provider Kyndryl. That spin has benefited IBM results, since sales to Kyndryl now are external, and thus added to overall revenue.
That tailwind has been substantial, contributing five points of top-line growth through the first three quarters, per IBMâs most recent 10-Q. But that tailwind moderates substantially in Q4, and then ends in Q1. Even with easier comparisons thanks to forex headwinds that weâve discussed previously, the Street sees revenue growth of just 0.5% in 2023.
In theory, the boost from Kyndryl should be well-understood and thus priced in for such a liquid, large-cap name. In practice, perhaps it isnât. The next few quarters for IBM thus provide an interesting test case for the idea that the market as a whole knows what itâs doing with large-cap names. If a decelerating top line leads IBM stock lower over the next few quarters, maybe the market isnât quite as smart as some of us believe.
AT&T
A few weeks ago on Twitter, a user congratulated a short seller for riding a stock down â and then flipping bullish near the bottom. The user rightly pointed out that such a reversal is really hard to execute, simply because itâs so difficult to reset an investorâs sentiment.
Iâm personally aware of that problem when trying to judge AT&T. Iâve been bearish (and publicly so) for years now, and on occasion sold bear call spreads on the stock.
I say that not to pat myself on the back. The bear case was pretty much self-evident: AT&Tâs leadership was among the worst of any large-cap company this century. Add to that ongoing pressure in the wireline business (which still seems underappreciated) and the lack of returns in AT&T stock
should have been no surprise.Itâs worth recapping the management failures here. Most investors are aware of the disastrous acquisitions of DIRECTV and WarnerMedia. But somewhat forgotten is the abject stupidity of the companyâs attempt to buy T-Mobile back in 2011.
Elliott Management highlighted this fiasco in its 2019 mini-activist campaign against AT&T. Simply put, the acquisition was doomed from the jump.
Thereâs a rule of thumb that Republican commissioners on the Federal Trade Commission, tasked with approving mergers, will accept three competitors in a major market, while Democrats require at least four. Indeed, the wireless space itself provides evidence for this perception: Sprint and T-Mobile abandoned their merger in 2014 under the Obama Administration, then successfully moved forward with a tie-up under a Republican-controlled FCC a few years later.
Of course, when AT&T was trying to buy T-Mobile, it was Democrats who had the votes in the key agency. As a result, skepticism toward the deal was immediate. And when the FCC unsurprisingly sued to block the merger, James B. Stewart, an established financial journalist
, wrote in The New York Times that "if ever there was a merger likely to be blocked on antitrust grounds, this is it."It never got that far. Amid clear signs that the deal was not going to be approved, AT&T abandoned the acquisition and paid a break-up fee. The fee was $4 billion paid in cash and, more importantly, wireless spectrum access. That $4 billion in turn allowed T-Mobile to spend the next eleven years stealing AT&Tâs subscribers. All for an acquisition that was pretty clearly dead on arrival the day it was announced.
Without exaggeration, itâs one of the dumbest consequential moves in American business history, and also one of the most underappreciated. Yet the bull case for AT&T stock here is that it doesnât really matter.
The competitive environment is what it is at this point, and in that environment AT&T is starting to regain market share (though itâs now taking that share from Verizon rather than regaining it from T-Mobile). The CEO who âexecutedâ the disastrous âstrategyâ, Randall Stephenson, is gone
. DIRECTV is kind of off the books; WarnerMedia is now the problem of Warner Bros. Discovery. This is now a slimmer, hopefully nimbler AT&T, under new management and with a tighter focus on the core business.ExceptâŠis it? The current CEO, John Stankey, was there for the entirety of the idiocy
that defined Stephensonâs reign. He was on the call defending the T-Mobile acquisition in 2011. He was in charge of the post-acquisition strategy for DIRECTV, which failed. As head of WarnerMedia, he was in charge of the streaming rollout for HBO, which started with products called âHBO Goâ and âHBO NOWâ, which confused everyone (my wife never did figure out which one we actually subscribed to).Again, itâs difficult to truly change oneâs sentiment on a stock theyâve followed for years. And so itâs very possible my long-held skepticism toward AT&T management is preventing me from appreciating the fact that this indeed is a different, and better, business.
But the bull case here does not seem all that different. The balance sheet is better, but hardly pristine. Investors still seem to be ignoring the wireline business, which accounted for ~30% of Communications EBITDA in 2021 and is in permanent, secular decline. Many still are focused on a headline dividend yield (at 6%), ignoring the fact that a high dividend is precisely what got so many investors into trouble over the last few years.
The bear case for T into the lows earlier this year was that AT&T was a poorly-managed, heavily-indebted business with questionable growth prospects. Itâs possible a few quarters of admittedly improved market share suggest that bear case is outdated and backwards-looking.
Itâs also possible, however, that investors are desperately trying to find value in a market that still isnât providing much. During the rally that began in June, they bought up fallen growth angels, only for that strategy to fail. The concern is that they are now hoping once-great companies â instead of once-dearly valued stocks â will rebound. History suggests that strategy might not work out any better.
As of this writing, Vince Martin has no positions in any securities mentioned.
Tickers mentioned: GE 0.00, GIS 0.00, IBM 0.00, K 0.00, KD 0.00, KHC 0.00, T 0.00, TMUS 0.00, TSN 0.00, VZ 0.00, WBD 0.00, WMT 0.00
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Lynchâs advice was to, you know, actually understand the business in which youâre investing and/or to choose stocks where you might have a personal edge on the market because of your non-investing interests/career/experience. It seemingly has morphed into a suggestion that investors should only buy companies with which theyâre familiar in some way.
Buying Starbucks SBUX 0.00 in 1992 because you were a regular customer of the then-regional chain, and thought the product and experience could underpin rapid, sustained national expansion, is an application of Lynchâs actual advice. Buying SBUX in 2022 because âeveryone knows what Starbucks isâ appears the far more common modern interpretation.
In June, we discussed a number of these factors as they related to the consumer sector in particular.
General Mills has made some divestitures, most recently selling its Helper business, and also restructured its segments earlier this year. Itâs thus difficult to pin down the precise contribution of the core North American business, in particular, but Pet growth gets us to our ballpark figure of about one-third.
T did have a decent 2010s, admittedly, at least until the end. But even with a recent rally, total returns over six years have been modestly negative.
His 1991 book, Den of Thieves, is one of the best on the 1980s stock market.
He somehow was added the board of directors at Walmart last March, a development which makes me so angry that a) I needed to address it and b) I chose to relegate it to the footnotes so as not to derail the entire article.
AT&T still has a majority stake, but accounts for the business via the equity method.
It seems unfair that Jeff Immelt has become the common yardstick for being a terrible CEO, while Stephensonâs reputation doesnât have the same stain. Immelt to some degree had clean up Jack Welchâs mess; Stephenson destroyed tens of billions of dollars in shareholder value purely on his own. OK, no more ranting.